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Bautzen

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Bautzen/BudyšinCountryStateDistrictSubdivisionsGovernment • Mayor (2015–22)Area • TotalElevationPopulation (2020-12-31)[2] • Total • DensityTime zone • Summer (DST)Postal codesDialling codesVehicle registrationWebsite

Historical centre of the town

Coat of arms

 
Bautzen/Budyšin
 
Show map of Germany
Coordinates: 51°10′53″N 14°25′27″ECoordinates: 51°10′53″N 14°25′27″E
Germany
Saxony
Bautzen
15
Alexander Ahrens[1] (Ind.)
66.62 km2 (25.72 sq mi)
204 m (669 ft)
38,006
570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
UTC+01:00 (CET)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)
02625
03591
BZ, BIW, HY, KM
www.bautzen.de

 

Bautzen (German pronunciation: [ˈbaʊ̯t͡sn̩] (

listen)) or Budyšin (Upper Sorbian pronunciation: [ˈbudɨʃin] (

listen)) is a hill-top town in eastern Saxony, Germany, and the administrative centre of the district of Bautzen. It is located on the Spree river. In 2018 the town's population was 39,087. Until 1868, its German name was Budissin.

Bautzen is often regarded as the unofficial, but historical capital of Upper Lusatia. The town is also the most important cultural centre of the Sorbian minority, which constitutes about 10 percent of Bautzen's population.[3] Asteroid 11580 Bautzen is named in honour of the city.[4]

Names[edit]

Like other cities and places in Lusatia, Bautzen has several different names across languages. Its German name was also officially changed in 1868.

As well as Bautzen (German) and Budyšin (Upper Sorbian), the town has had the following names:

  • German: Budissin (variants used from c. 11th century onwards; Saxon government changed to Bautzen on 3 June 1868)

Geography[edit]

Geographical situation[edit]

The town on the River Spree is situated about 50 km (31 mi) east of Dresden between the Lusatian highland and the lowlands in the north, amidst the region of Upper Lusatia. To the north stretches the Bautzen Reservoir, which was flooded in 1974. This is the former location of the villages of Malsissy (Małšecy) and Nimschütz (Hněwsecy).[5]

 

Expansion of the urban area[edit]

 

The old part of Bautzen is located on the plateau above the Spree, whose top is marked by the Ortenburg (de) castle. It is bordered by the city walls. The later-built more recent quarters in the east were enclosed by the city ramparts. After their removal, the city expanded further east and to the left bank of the river. However, there has only been a small urban area west of the Spree until today. In the 1970s, the development areas of "Gesundbrunnen" and "Allendeviertel" were erected. After 1990, several neighbouring villages were incorporated.

 

Bordering municipalities[edit]

 

The city is bordered by Radibor, Großdubrau and Malschwitz in the North, Kubschütz in the East, Großpostwitz, Obergurig and Doberschau-Gaußig in the South, as well as Göda in the West. All of these belong to the Bautzen district.

 
The city districts

Subdivisions[edit]

The 15 city districts are:

NamePopulation(as of 1 January 2009)GermanUpper SorbianEnglish translation
Innenstadt Nutřkowne město City centre 5,278
Südvorstadt Južne Předměsto Southern outskirts 1,738
Westvorstadt Zapadne Předměsto Western outskirts 3,505
Gesundbrunnen Strowotna studnja 8,178
Nordostring Sewjerowuchodny Wobkruh North-eastern ring 10,727
Ostvorstadt Wuchodne Předměsto Eastern outskirts 6,360
Teichnitz Ćichońca 377
Nadelwitz Nadźankecy 268
Burk Bórk 325
Oberkaina Hornja Kina 832
Niederkaina Delnja Kina 522
Stiebitz Sćijecy 510
Kleinwelka Mały Wjelkow 1,314
Salzenforst-Bolbritz Słona Boršć-Bolborcy 839
Auritz Wuricy 458

History[edit]

 
Bautzen town hall
Historical affiliations

Duchy of Poland 1002-1025

 Kingdom of Poland 1025–1032

 Margraviate of Meissen 1032-1075

 Duchy of Bohemia 1075–1198 

 Kingdom of Bohemia 1198–1253

 Margraviate of Brandenburg 1253-1319

 Kingdom of Bohemia 1319-1469

 Kingdom of Hungary 1469-1490

 Kingdom of Bohemia 1490-1635

 Electorate of Saxony 1635–1806

 Kingdom of Saxony 1806-1871

 German Empire 1871-1918

 Weimar Republic 1918-1933

 Nazi Germany 1933-1945

 Allied-occupied Germany 1945-1949

 East Germany 1949–1990

 Germany 1990–present

 
The leaning Reichenturm

In the 3rd century AD an eastern Germanic settlement existed here, but excavations have proved that the region was already inhabited as early as the late Stone Age. Sorbs arrived in the area during the Migration period in the 6h century AD.

The first written evidence of the city is from 1002 under the name Budusin (PolishBudziszynUpper SorbianBudyšyn).[6] In 1018 the Peace of Bautzen was signed between the German king Henry II and the Polish ruler Bolesław I the Brave. The treaty left the town under Polish rule. In 1032 it passed to the Margraviate of Meissen within the Holy Roman Empire, in 1075 to the Czech (Bohemian) Duchy, elevated to a kingdom in 1198 (with short periods of Brandenburgian and Hungarian rule), in 1635 to Saxony, whose electors were also Polish kings in personal union from 1697 to 1763. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town at that time.[7]

 

From 1346 to 1815 it was a member of the Six Cities' Alliance of the Upper Lusatian cities of Görlitz, Zittau, Löbau, Kamenz, Lubań and Bautzen.

 

In 1429 and 1431 the town was unsuccessfully besieged by the Hussites.[6] In 1634 it was destroyed by the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War.[6] It was the site of one of the battlefields of the Napoleonic War Battle of Bautzen in 1813. In 1868 the name was officially changed from Budissin to the more Germanized form Bautzen.[6]

 

In 1839 the Sorbian student organization Societas Slavica Budissenensis was founded in the city. In 1845 the Sorbian national anthem was publicly performed for the first time in the city. The Sorbian House (Upper Sorbian: Serbski Dom), a Sorbian cultural centre, was opened in the city in 1904.

 

After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, many political prisoners were held in the Bautzen I and Bautzen II prisons, built in 1904 and 1906, respectively.[6] During the Kristallnacht in 1938, local Jews were persecuted and Jewish-owned businesses were destroyed.[6] During World War II, the AL Bautzen subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp operated in Bautzen.[8] At least 600 men, mostly Poles, but also of other nationalities, were imprisoned there, about 310 of whom died.[8] Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald. In April 1945, the Germans evacuated many prisoners on foot to Mikulášovice, where they were liberated by Polish troops on May 8, 1945, while the remaining prisoners were liberated in Bautzen by the Soviets on April 20, 1945.[8] Between 21 April and 30 April 1945, the Battle of Bautzen was fought.

Bautzen was infamous throughout East Germany for its two penitentiaries. "Bautzen I" was used as an official prison, soon to be nicknamed Gelbes Elend ("Yellow Misery") due to its outer colour, whereas the more secretive "Bautzen II" was used as a facility to hold political prisoners, dissidents and prisoners of conscience. Today, Bautzen I is known as the Bautzen Correctional Institution and is used to hold prisoners who are awaiting trial.[9] Bautzen II which was also operated by the GDR's Ministry for State Security, has served as an open memorial since 1993, operated by the Saxon Memorials Foundation. It is accessible to the public. Guided tours are provided and occasionally, films are screened.[10] A permanent exhibition depicts the misery suffered by occupants; visitors may tour detention cells, the isolation area and the yards where prisoners were allowed to exercise.[11]

 

In 2002 the city commemorated its 1000th birthday. In 2010 it was hit by a flood.[6]

 

Population development[edit]

 
Population development of Bautzen from 1871 to 2017

(as of December 31 unless otherwise stated)

  • 1849 – 10,518
  • 1868 – 12,623[12]
  • 1875 – 14,709
  • 1890 – 21,516
  • 1933 – 41,951
  • 1950 – 41,592 (as of August 31)
  • 1960 – 41,613
  • 1984 – 51,208
  • 1995 – 44,763
  • 2000 – 43,353
  • 2005 – 42,150
  • 2010 – 40,573
  • 2015 – 40,501

Politics[edit]

The Bautzen City Council consists of 34 members. It meets either in the Town Hall [de; hsb] or in the Gewandhaus [de]. There are also four local councils (Niederkaina, Stiebitz, Kleinwelka, and Salzenforst-Bolbritz), whose honorary members are elected for five years.

Mayors[edit]

  • Konrad Johannes Kaeubler, Lord Mayor (1890-1918)
  • Gottfried Franz Hermann Niedner, (1872-1945), Lord Mayor 1918-1933
  • Christian Schramm (born 1952), (CDU), (Lord) Mayor 1990–2015
  • Alexander Ahrens (born 1966), (independent), Lord Mayor since 2015

Main sights[edit]

 
Old Waterworks and Church of St. Michael

Bautzen has a very compact and well-preserved medieval town centre with numerous churches and towers and a city wall on the steep embankment to the river Spree, with one of the oldest preserved waterworks in central Europe (built 1558).

Sites of interest include:

  • The Reichenturm, one of the steepest leaning and still passable towers north of the Alps
  • Ortenburg Castle
  • The Old Waterworks, an architectural monument and museum
  • Saint Peter's Cathedral, Eastern Germany's only historic interdenominational church edifice
  • Hexenhaus (Witch's House), oldest preserved residential building (built in 1604)

There are six museums in Bautzen, including the Stadtmuseum Bautzen ("Bautzen city Museum"), the Sorbisches Museum ("Sorbian Museum", Sorbian: Serbski muzej) and the Senfmuseum (Mustard Museum).

Sorbian institutions[edit]

Sorbian House (Serbski dom), headquarters of various Sorbian organizations
Sorbian Museum (Serbski muzej)
Sorbian gymnasium (Serbski gymnazij)
Sorbian Institute (Serbski institut)

Bautzen is the seat of several institutions of the cultural self-administration of the Sorbian people:

  • Foundation for the Sorbian People (Stiftung für das sorbische Volk, Załožba za serbski lud)
  • Domowina (poet. Sorbic for „Homeland“, actually: Zwjazk Łužiskich Serbow z. t., Bund Lausitzer Sorben e. V.) - the umbrella organisation of Sorbian cultural associations and institutions
  • Sorbic Language Radio (Serbski rozhłós) [13]
  • Sorbian National Ensemble and the German Sorbian People's Theater (Němsko-serbske ludowe dźiwadło)
  • Bautzen Sorbian Boarding School

Economy[edit]

Bombardier Transportation, having taken over the former VEB Waggonbau Bautzen, operates a large factory on Fabrikstraße making railway locomotives, carriages and trams. The mustard Bautz'ner Senf is produced in Bautzen. It is the market leader in the new states of Germany with a market share of 65 percent.[14]

Notable people[edit]

 
Hermann Lotze
 
Hans Unger self-portrait

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Bautzen is twinned with:[15]

 
Panorama of Bautzen viewed from the Peace Bridge [de; hsb]

References