서부여(西夫餘)는 북아프리카에 진출한 반달왕국인가?

성현식님의 글 '위대한 역사 고조선, 신화로 꾸민 ‘부여’의 진실' (필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, 고구려, 펌글 참조)중에서 '서부여(西夫餘)'가 언급된다.  우리에게 다소 생소하지만, 성현식 님에 의해 알려지게 되어, 필자는 이를 매우 높게 평가한다.

 

"(6) 서부여(西夫餘) : ‘태백일사 대진국본기’에 의하면 의려국(依慮國)의 왕인 의라가 선비족 모용외(慕容廆)에게 쫓기다가 바다를 건너가서 왜인(倭人)을 평정하고 왕이 됐다는 기록이 있는데 이들을 연나부부여의 후손으로 보기도 한다."

 

(자료 : 성현식, '위대한 역사 고조선, 신화로 꾸민 ‘부여’의 진실', 스카이데일리, 필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, 고구려, 펌글 참조)

 

환단고기의 태백일사 대진국본기에 실린 자료에 의하면 의려국왕인 의라가 선비족 모용외에게 쫓기다가 바다를 건너가서 왜인을 평정하고 왕이 되었다는 기록이 있는데, 연나부부여의 후손으로 본다고 했다. 필자는 앞글에서 연나부 부여의 위치를 연나라와 가까이 있는 프랑스의 Kingdom of the Burgundians이라 추정했다.

 

선비족 모용외는  생몰 269-333시기의 인물로서 전연을 세운 모용황의 아버지이다. 따라서 의려국의 왕인 의라는 3-4세기에 한창 선비족에게 몰릴 때의 부여족으로 판단된다. 그런데 이들이 바다를 건너 왜인을 평정하고 왕이 되었다 하니, 이시기에 바다를 건너 즉 지중해로 가서 왜를 평정하고 왕이 된 사례가 있나 살펴 보자.

 

 

 

반면 이들이  연나부 부여의 후손이라는 글귀는 보다 훨씬 후의 일로 짐작된다. 앞의 글에서 연나부 부여는 프랑스 Savoy지방에 정착한 Burgundians으로 추정했다. Burgundians은 반달족의 일원이고, 반달족은 월지족으로 판단되는데, 이들은 중부 유럽에서 서진을 계속해  이베리아 반도까지 갔다가, 선비족인 Suebi족에 밀려 아프리카로 건너 간다. 그리하여 북아프리카에 반달왕국을 세운다. 이들을 가리켜 연나부 부여의 후손이라 칭하는 것이 아닌가 한다. 즉 서부여는 연나부 부여와 거의 동시대의 부여인 것이 아닌가 한다.

 

 

<아프리카로 가서 반달왕국을 건설한 Gaiseric (Geisaric, Genseric) (428-477) 자료>

 

Gaiseric (c. 389 – 25 January 477),[1] also known as Geiseric or Genseric (Latin: Gaisericus, Geisericus; reconstructed Vandalic: *Gaisarīx[a]) was King of the Vandals and Alans (428–477), a kingdom he established, and was one of the key players in the difficulties faced by the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century. Through his nearly 50 years of rule, he raised a relatively insignificant Germanic tribe to the status of a major Mediterranean power. His most famous exploit, however, was the capture and plundering of Rome in June 455. He also defeated two major efforts by the Romans to overthrow him, the first one by the emperor Majorian in 460 or 461, and another by Basiliscus at the Battle of Cape Bon in 468. After dying in Carthage, Gaiseric was succeeded by his son Huneric....

 

Early life and accession

 

Gaiseric was an illegitimate son of King Godigisel and a slave woman.[2] After his father's death in a battle against the Franks during the Crossing of the Rhine, Gaiseric became the second most powerful man among the Vandals, after the new king, his half-brother Gunderic—long before his more formal accession to the kingship.[3] Jordanes described Gaiseric in the following manner:

Gaiseric...was a man of moderate height and lame in consequence of a fall from his horse. He was a man of deep thought and few words, holding luxury in disdain, furious in his anger, greedy for gain, shrewd in winning over the barbarians and skilled in sowing the seeds of dissension to arouse enmity.[4]

After Gunderic's death in 428, Gaiseric became king of the Vandals, continuing the hostilities begun by his brother.[5] To this end, he sought ways of increasing the power and wealth of his people, who then resided in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica in southern Hispania. The Vandals had suffered greatly from attacks from the more numerous Visigothic federates, and not long after taking power, Gaiseric decided to leave Hispania to this rival Germanic tribe. In fact, he seems to have started building a Vandal fleet even before he became king. In 429 Gaiseric was attacked by a large force of Suebi under the command of Heremigarius who had managed to take Lusitania. This Suebic army was defeated near Mérida and its leader drowned in the Guadiana River while trying to flee.[6]

 

Africa

 

Succeeding his brother Gunderic at a time when the Vandals were settled in Baetica, Roman Hispania (modern Andalusia, Spain), Gaiseric successfully defended himself against a Suebian attack and transported most of his people—possibly as many as 80,000 persons—to Northern Africa in 428/429. Some scholars claim that this figure represents an exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000.[8][b] Whatever the true numbers, there are indications that the Vandals under Gaiseric may have been invited by the Roman governor Bonifacius, who wished to use the military strength of the Vandals in his struggle against the imperial government under the Roman general, Aetius.[11]

 

Crossing at the Straits of Gibraltar, Gaiseric led not only his Vandal brethren and army, but was likely accompanied by a contingent of Alans and Goths.[12] Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern Morocco and northern Algeria. His Vandal army laid siege to the city of Hippo Regius (where Augustine had recently been bishop and who died during the siege),[13] taking it after 14 months of bitter fighting. Gaiseric and his forces then began subduing the interior of Numidia.[14] A peace between Gaiseric and the Roman Emperor Valentinian III was concluded in 435,[15] and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he had conquered, the Vandals would desist from further attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and Gaiseric's son Huneric was sent—as a hostage—to Rome.[16] Gaiseric's treaty with the Romans also included Vandal retention of Mauretania and part of Numidia as foederati (allies under special treaty) of Rome.[17]

 

In a surprise move on 19 October 439, Gaiseric captured Carthage, striking a devastating blow at imperial power, taking advantage of the fact that Aetius remained preoccupied with affairs in Gaul.[17] Classical scholar Stewart Oost observed, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa."[18] Historian Chris Wickham argues that Gaiseric's conquest of Carthage presaged Rome's later collapse.[19] The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The Catholic bishop of the city, Quodvultdeus, was exiled to Naples, since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the Arian form of Christianity. The subsequent sermons of Quodvultdeus paint a "dark picture of the Vandal plunderers."[15]

 

Despite the blow to the imperial coffers caused by Gaiseric's seizure of African revenue and the corresponding grain supply, the Vandal king had no intention of depriving Italy of Africa's grain, but instead wished to sell it to the emperor for profit.[20] Meanwhile, his new status was that of Proconsularis and as such, Gaiseric made Carthage his new residence.[21] Inheriting an already economically efficient and effective state, the tax revenues from his new lands enabled the Vandal conqueror to construct a large fleet that challenged imperial control over the Mediterranean.[21] Gaiseric presided over a mixture of Vandals, Alans, Goths and Romans in Africa, relying on an ad-hoc administration under auspices of the imperial government to legitimize his rule.[22] Latin literary culture even flourished in Carthage.[23]

 

Gaiseric besieged Panormus (Palermo, Sicily) in 440 AD but was repulsed.[24] Hunnic invasions into the lower Danube forced Constantinople to withdraw forces from Sicily to the benefit of Gaiseric. In a 442 treaty with Rome, the Vandals were recognized as the independent rulers of Byzacena and part of Numidia.[25] In 455, Gaiseric seized the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta, and his fleet soon came to control much of the western Mediterranean. During 455, the Roman emperor Valentinian III was murdered on orders of Petronius Maximus, who usurped the throne. Petronius Maximus also married Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia, and likewise wedded the imperial couple's daughter Eudocia to his own son; the latter had formerly been promised to Gaiseric's son, Huneric, which contributed a possible casus belli that was exploited by the Vandal king.[26] Gaiseric was of the opinion that these acts voided his 442 peace treaty with Valentinian, and on 31 May, he and his men landed on Italian soil.[27]

 

 

Sack of Rome

Gaiseric Sacking Rome, a painting by Karl Briullov (1833–1836).

 

Responding to the actions of Petronius Maximus, Gaiseric moved a large seaborne force from Carthage to Italy and sacked the city in a more thorough manner than even Alaric's Goths had carried out in 410.[28] Historian Michael Kulikowski notes that unlike Alaric, who besieged Rome as an itinerant barbarian general in "desperate straits," Gaiseric was the king of a flourishing polity and was therefore able to systematically conduct the sack.[29] More than just systematically attack Rome, Gaiseric's invasion was a devastating blow to the empire itself, so much so that historian Michael Grant claims, "Gaiseric contributed more to the collapse of the western Roman Empire than any other single man."[30]

 

Before Gaiseric marched upon Rome, Pope Leo I implored him not to destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants. Gaiseric agreed and the gates of Rome were thrown open to him and his men.[31][c] Once inside the city, the invaders plundered it thoroughly, to the extent that Procopius noted how the Vandals had even stripped the gold from the ceiling of the Jupiter Capitolinus temple—but more significant was the capture of important figures and dignitaries in the city, whose return remained a bargaining point between the Vandals and the Empire for many years to come.[33] Routine Vandal raids along the coast of Italy and the Mediterranean characterized the situation during the first years after Gaiseric's successful seizure of Rome.[34]

 

Petronius Maximus, who was foremost among those vying for power in the wake of Valentinian III's murder, fled rather than fight the Vandal warlord.[35][d] Although history remembers the Vandal sack of Rome as extremely brutal—making the word vandalism a term for any wantonly destructive act—in actuality, the Vandals did not wreak great destruction in the city; they did, however, take gold, silver and many other things of value. Gaiseric also took with him Empress Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia, and Placidia, as well as riches from the city. Across Italy, the shock of the Vandal sack of Rome and the ongoing presence of the Vandals paralyzed the imperial government.[29][e] Eudocia married Gaiseric's son Huneric after arriving in Carthage.[37] That union produced Hilderic—Gaiseric's grandson—who later played a critical role in Emperor Justinian's sixth-century conquests of north Africa.[28][f]

 

Later exploits and final years

Pope Leo the Great attempts to persuade Gaiseric, prince of Vandals, to abstain from sacking Rome. (miniature ca. 1475)

 

Sometime in 460, the Emperor Majorian began collecting an invasion fleet for an assault against the Vandals.[39] Once Gaiseric received word of this initiative, he preempted the attack by sending vessels from Carthage to Carthago Nova, where the Vandal ships burned the imperial boats at their moorings, again proving himself "more than a match for the imperial establishments of both West and East."[40] Then in early 462, Gaiseric sent the empress Eudoxia with her daughters Eudocia and Placidia—captured during the sack of Rome—back to Constantinople from Carthage in an act of reconciliation with the Empire, likely intending to preserve the marriage of his son Huneric to Eudocia.[40]

 

While rhetorical writing from the period still distinguished between "barbarian" and Romans and the imperial state attempted to exercise control over the empire and its peripheries, the elite population in the lands controlled by the likes of the Germanic chieftains Theodoric and Gaiseric, preferred the certainties of their leadership over "the vagaries and ineptitude of the would-be imperial government in Italy."[41][g]

 

In 468, Gaiseric's kingdom was the target of the last concerted effort by the two-halves of the Roman Empire.[h] They wished to subdue the Vandals and end their pirate raids, so Emperor Leo sent an armada from Constantinople led by Basiliscus.[28][i] Gaiseric sent a fleet of 500 Vandal ships against the Romans, losing 340 ships in the first engagement, but succeeded in destroying 600 Roman ships in the second battle, during which fireships were employed by Gaiseric to devastating effect.[44] This catastrophic defeat of the Roman fleet by Gaiseric's forces was claimed to have cost the imperial coffers upwards of 64,000 pounds of gold and 700,000 pounds of silver.[45] The Romans abandoned the campaign and Gaiseric remained master of the western Mediterranean until his death, ruling from the Strait of Gibraltar all the way to Tripolitania.[46][j]

 

Following up the Byzantine defeat, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese but were driven back by the Maniots at Kenipolis with heavy losses.[47] In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at Zakynthos, hacked them to pieces, and threw the body parts overboard on the way to Carthage.[47]

 

In 474, Gaiseric made peace with the Eastern Roman Empire through a treaty negotiated by the Constantinopolitan Senator, Severus, who was acting under Zeno's authority.[48] After enjoying just a few short years of peace, Gaiseric died at Carthage in 477, succeeded by his son Huneric, who did not have his father's enviable reputation and Vandal authority began to diminish.[49] Nonetheless, the peace established by Zeno between Vandal-controlled Carthage and Constantinople lasted until 530, when Justinian's conquests broke it.[50]

 

(source : Gaisaric, Wikipedia, 필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, Burgundians, 펌글 참조 )

 

 

반달족은 이베리아반도에서 수에비족과 치열한 싸움을 하다가 아프리카로 건너갔다. 따라서 당시의 상황을 살펴 보면,

 

<Kingdom of the Suebi  자료>

 

"Additionally it has been pointed out that the lack of mention of the Suevi could mean that they were not per se an older distinct ethnic group, but the result of a recent ethnogenesis, with many smaller groups—among them part of the Quadi and Marcomanni—coming together during the migration from the Danube valley to the Iberian Peninsula.[8][9] Other groups of Sueves are mentioned by Jordanes and other historians as residing by the Danube regions during the 5th and 6th centuries.[8]

....................

 

King Hermeric

In 416, the Visigoths entered the Iberian Peninsula, sent by the emperor of the West to fight off the barbarians arriving in 409. By 418, the Visigoths, led by their king, Wallia, had devastated both the Siling Vandals and Alans, leaving the Hasding Vandals and the Suevi, undisturbed by Wallia's campaign, as the two remaining forces in the Iberian Peninsula.[30] In 419, after the departure of the Visigoths to their new lands in Aquitania, a conflict arose between the Vandals under Gunderic, and the Suevi, led by king Hermeric. Both armies met in the Battle of the Nerbasius mountains, but the intervention of Roman forces commanded by the comes Hispaniarum Asterius ended the conflict by attacking the Vandals and forcing them to move to Baetica,[31] in modern Andalusia, leaving the Suevi in virtually sole possession of the whole province.

 

In 429, as the Vandals were preparing their departure to Africa, a Swabian warlord named Heremigarius moved to Lusitania to plunder it, but was confronted by the new Vandal king Gaiseric. Heremigarius drowned in the river Guadiana while retreating; this is the first instance of an armed Suebi action outside the provincial limits of Gallaecia. Then, after the Vandals left for Africa, the Swabians were the only barbarian entity left in Hispania.

 

King Hermeric spent the remainder of his years solidifying Suevic rule over the entire province of Gallaecia. In 430 he broke the old peace maintained with the locals, sacking central Gallaecia, although the barely romanised Gallaeci, who were reoccupying old Iron Age hill forts, managed to force a new peace, which was sealed with the interchange of prisoners. However, new hostilities broke out in 431 and 433. In 433 king Hermeric sent a local bishop, Synphosius, as ambassador,[32] this being the first evidence for collaboration between Sueves and locals. However, it was not until 438 that an enduring peace, which would last for twenty years, was reached in the province.

 

King Rechila

 

King Rechila's shortlived conquests (438-448).

 

In 438 Hermeric became ill. Having annexed the entirety of the former Roman province of Gallaecia, he made peace with the local population,[25] and retired, leaving his son Rechila as king of the Sueves. Rechila saw an opportunity for expansion and began pushing to other areas of the Iberian Peninsula. In the same year he campaigned in Baetica, defeating in open battle the Romanae militiae dux Andevotus by the banks of the Genil river, capturing a large treasure.[33] A year later, in 439, the Sueves invaded Lusitania and entered into its capital, Mérida, which briefly became the new capital of their kingdom. Rechila continued with the expansion of the kingdom, and by 440 he fruitfully besieged and forced the surrender of a Roman official, count Censorius, in the strategic city of Mértola. Next year, in 441, the armies of Rechila conquered Seville, just months after the death of the old king Hermeric, who had ruled his people for more than thirty years. With the conquest of Seville, capital of Baetica, the Suevi managed to control Baetica and Carthaginensis.[34] It has been said,[35] however, that the Suevi conquest of Baetica and Carthaginensis was limited to raids, and Suevi presence, if any, was minute.

 

In 446, the Romans dispatched to the provinces of Baetica and Carthaginensis the magister utriusque militiae Vitus, who, assisted by a large number of Goths, attempted to subdue the Suevi and restore imperial administration in Hispania. Rechila marched to meet the Romans, and after defeating the Goths, Vitus fled in disgrace; no more imperial attempts were made to retake Hispania.[36][37] In 448, Rechila died as a pagan, leaving the crown to his son, Rechiar.

 

King Rechiar

 

Rechiar, a Catholic Christian, succeeded his father in 448, being one of the first Catholic Christian kings among the Germanic peoples, and the first one to mint coins in his own name. Some believe minting the coins was a sign of Suevi autonomy, due to the use of minting in the late empire as a declaration of independence.[38] Hoping to follow the successful careers of his father and his grandfather, Rechiar made a series of bold political moves throughout his reign. The first one was his marriage to the daughter of the Gothic king Theodoric I in 448, so improving the relationship between the two peoples. He also led a number of successful plundering campaigns to Vasconia, Saragossa and Lleida, in Hispania Tarraconensis (then the northeastern quarter of the peninsula, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Gulf of Biscay, which was still under Roman rule) sometimes acting in coalition with local bagaudae (local Hispano-Roman insurgents). In Lleida he also captured prisoners, who were taken as serfs back to the Sueves' lands in Gallaecia and Lusitania.[39] Rome then sent an ambassador to the Sueves, obtaining some concessions, but in 455 the Sueves plundered lands in Carthaginensis which had been previously returned to Rome. In response, the new emperor Avitus and the Visigoths sent a joint embassy, remembering that the peace established with Rome was also granted by the Goths. But Rechiar launched two new campaigns in Tarraconensis, in 455 and 456, returning to Galicia with large numbers of prisoners.[40]

 

The emperor Avitus finally responded to Rechiar's defiance in the autumn of 456, sending the Visigoth king Theodoric II over the Pyrenees and into Gallaecia, at the head of a large army of foederati which also included the Burgundian kings Gundioc and Hilperic.[41] The Suevi mobilized and both armies met on 5 October, by the river Órbigo near Astorga. Theoderic II's Goths, on the right wing, defeated the Suevi. While many Sueves were killed in the battle, and many others were captured, most managed to flee.[42] King Rechiar fled wounded in the direction of the coast, pursued by the Gothic army, which entered and plundered Braga on 28 October. 

 

King Rechiar was later captured in Porto while trying to embark, and was executed in December. Theodoric continued his war on the Suevi for three months, but in April 459 he returned to Gaul, alarmed by the political and military movements of the new emperor, Majorian, and of the magister militum Ricimer—a half-Sueve, maybe a kinsman of Rechiar[43]—while his allies and the rest of the Goths sacked Astorga, Palencia and other places, on their way back to the Pyrenees.

 

Competing kings

 

When the Visigoths disposed of Rechiar, the royal bloodline of Hermeric vanished and the conventional mechanism for Suevi leadership died with it. In 456, one Aioulf took over the leadership of the Sueves. The origins behind Aioulf's ascension are not clear: Hydatius wrote that Aioulf was a Goth deserter, while the historian Jordanes wrote that he was a Warni appointed by Theodoric to govern Gallaecia,[44] and that he was persuaded by the Suevi into this adventure. Either way, he was killed in Porto in June 457, but his rebellion, together with the armed actions of Majorian against the Visigoths, eased the pressure on the Suevi.

 

In 456, the same year as the execution of Rechiar, Hydatius stated that "the Sueves set up Maldras as their king."[45] This statement suggests that the Suevi as a people may have had a voice in the selection of a new ruler.[46] The election of Maldras would lead to a schism among the Suevi, as some followed another king, named Framta, who died just a year later.[47] Both factions then sought peace with the local Gallaeci.

 

In 458 the Goths again sent an army into Hispania, which arrived in Baetica in July, thereby depriving the Sueves of this province. This field army stayed in Iberia for several years.

 

In 460 Maldras was killed, after a reign of four years during which he plundered Sueves and Romans alike, in Lusitania and in the south of Gallaecia past the valley of the Douro river. Meanwhile, the Sueves in the north chose another leader, Rechimund, who plundered Gallaecia in 459 and 460. This same year they captured the walled city of Lugo, which was still under the authority of a Roman official. As a response, the Goths sent their army to punish the Suevi who dwelt in the outskirts of the city and nearby regions, but their campaign was revealed by some locals, whom Hydatius considered traitors.[48] From that very moment Lugo became an important centre for the Sueves, and was used as capital by Rechimund.

 

In the south Frumar succeeded Maldras and his faction, but his death in 464 closed a period of internal dissent among the Sueves, and permanent conflict with the native Gallaecian population.

 

King Remismund

 

Suebic sword. Conimbriga, Portugal

 

In 464, Remismund, an ambassador who had travelled between Gallaecia and Gaul on several occasions, became King. Remismund was able to unite the factions of Suevi under his rule, and at the same time restore peace. He was also recognized, perhaps even approved of, by Theodoric, who sent him gifts and weapons along with a wife.[49] Under the leadership of Remismund, the Suevi would again raid the nearby countries, plundering the lands of Lusitania and the Conventus Asturicense, whilst still fighting Gallaeci tribes like the Aunonenses, who refused to submit to Remismund. In 468 they managed to destroy part of the walls of Conimbriga, in Lusitania, which was sacked[50] and then mostly abandoned after the inhabitants fled or were taken back to the north as slaves.[51] The next year they captured Lisbon, which was surrendered by its leader, Lusidio. He later became ambassador of the Suevi to the Emperor. The end of the chronicle of Hydatius in 468 doesn't let us know the later fate of Remismund.

 

The Suevi probably remained mostly pagan until an Arian missionary named Ajax, sent by the Visigothic king Theodoric II at the request of the Suebic unifier Remismund, converted them in 466 and established a lasting Arian church which dominated the people until their conversion to Catholicism in the 560s.

 

The Arian period

 

Little is known of the period between 470 and 550, beyond the testimony of Isidore of Seville, who in the 7th century wrote that many kings reign during this time, all of them Arians. A medieval document named Divisio Wambae mentions one king named Theodemund, otherwise unknown.[52] Other less reliable and very posterior chronicles mention the reign of several kings under the names of Hermeneric II, Rechila II and Rechiar II.[53]

 

More trustworthy is a stone inscription found in Vairão Portugal, recording the foundation of a church by a Benedictine nun, in 535, under the rule of one Veremund who is addressed as the most serene king Veremund,[54] although this inscription has also been attributed to king Bermudo II of León. Also, thanks to a letter sent by Pope Vigilius to the bishop Profuturus of Braga circa 540, it is known that a certain number of Catholic Orthodox had converted to Arianism, and that some Catholic Orthodox churches had been demolished in the past in unspecified circumstances.[55]......."

 

(source : Kingdom of the Suebi (409-585), Wikipedia, 필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, Suebi,펌글 참조)

 

 

반달왕국이 북아프리카에서 활발히 활동할 때, 즉 지중해 섬들을 공략하고, 로마를 포위하고 약탈하는 시기에, 우리 나라 삼국의 역사에서는 어떻게 나타나는지 알아 보자. 이는 신라나 백제의 당시 위치를 점검하는데 참고가 될 것으로 판단한다. 

 

 

<백제 비유왕 - 삼근왕 시기(427-479) 삼국사기 기록>

 

《삼국사기》 백제 비유왕 본기 (427-455)
 

一年冬十二月 비유왕이 즉위하다 (427)
二年春二月 왕이 4부를 순행하고 백성들을 위무하다 (428)
二年 왜국에서 사절이 도착하다 (428)

二年冬十月 해수를 상좌평에 임명하다 (428)
二年冬十一月 지진이 일어나고 큰 바람이 일어나다 (428)
二年冬十二月 겨울에 물이 얼지 않다 (428)

三年 송에 사신을 보내 조공하다 (429)

三年夏四月 송의 문황제가 선왕의 작호를 책봉하다 (429)

430-432 : 3년 공백
七年 봄과 여름에 비가 오지 않다 (433)
七年秋七月 신라에 사신을 보내 화친을 요청하다 (433)
八年春二月 신라에 사절을 보내 좋은 말 두 필을 선사하다 (434)
八年秋九月 신라에 흰 매를 보내다 (434)
八年冬十月 신라에서 좋은 금과 구슬을 보내 오다 (434)

435 - 439 : 5년 공백
十四年夏四月一日 일식이 일어나다 (440)
十四年冬十月 송에 사절을 보내 조공하다 (440)

441- 446 : 6년 공백
二十一年夏五月 대궐 남쪽 연못에서 불길이 일어나다 (447)
二十一年秋七月 가뭄이 들어 백성들이 굶주리고 신라로 달아난 사람들이 발생하다(447)

448-453 : 6년 공백
二十八年 별이 비처럼 떨어지고 혜성이 나타나다 (454)
二十八年秋八月 누리 떼가 발생하여 곡식에 해를 끼쳐 흉년이 들다 (454)
二十九年春三月 한산에서 사냥하다 (455)

二十九年秋九月 검은 용이 한강에 나타나고 비유왕이 죽다 (455)

 

 

《삼국사기》 백제 개로왕 본기 (455-475)
 

一年秋九月 개로왕이 즉위하다 (AD 455)

456-467 : 12 년 공백

十四年秋十月一日 일식이 일어나다 (AD 468)
十五年秋八月 고구려의 남쪽 변경을 공격하다 (AD 469)
十五年秋十月 쌍현성을 수축하고 청목령에 큰 목책을 설치하다(AD 469)

470-473 : 4년 공백

二十年 북위에 사신을 보내 예방하고 표문을 전하다 (AD 474)
二十一年秋九月 한성이 함락되고 개로왕이 살해되다 (AD 475)

 

 

《삼국사기》 백제 문주왕 본기 (475-477)
 

一年秋九月 문주왕이 즉위하다 (475)
一年冬十月 웅진으로 도읍을 옮기다 (475)
二年春二月 대두산성을 수축하고 민가를 이주시키다 (476)
二年春三月 송에 예방이 고구려의 방해로 실패하다 (476)
二年夏四月 탐라국에서 토산물을 바치다 (476)
二年秋八月 해구를 병관 좌평으로 임명하다 (476)
三年春二月 궁실을 중수하다 (477)
三年夏四月 곤지를 내신 좌평으로 임명하고 삼근을 태자로 책봉하다 (477)
三年夏五月 흑룡이 웅진에 나타나다 (477)
三年秋七月 내신좌평 곤지가 사망하다 (477)
三年秋八月 병관좌평 해구가 마음대로 권력을 행사하다 (477)
三年秋九月 문주왕이 죽다 (477)

 

 

《삼국사기》 백제 삼근왕 본기 (477-479)

一年秋九月 삼근왕이 즉위하다 (477)
二年 해구의 반란을 진압하다 (478)
二年春三月一日 일식이 일어나다 (478)
三年 봄과 여름에 큰 가뭄이 들다 (479)
三年秋九月 대두성을 두곡으로 옮기다 (479)
三年冬十一月 삼근왕이 죽다 (479)

 

 

 

 

<신라 눌지마립간-자비마립간 (424-479) 시기 삼국사기 기록>

 

八年春二月 고구려에 사신을 보내 예방하다 (AD 424)

425-428 : 4년 공백
十三年 시제를 새로 쌓다 (AD 429)
十五年夏四月 왜병이 침입하다 (AD 431)
十五年秋七月 서리와 우박이 내려 곡식을 죽이다 (431)
十六年 곡식이 귀하여 소나무 껍질을 먹다 (432)
十七年夏五月 미사흔이 죽어 서불한으로 추증하다 (433)
十七年秋七月 백제가 사신을 보내 화친을 청하다 (AD 433)
十八年春二月 백제 왕이 좋은 말을 보내다 (AD 434)
十八年秋九月 백제 왕이 또 흰 매를 보내다 (AD 434)
十八年冬十月 황금과 야광 구슬을 백제에 보내 보답하다 (AD 434)

十九年春一月 큰 바람이 불어 나무가 뽑히다 (AD 435)
十九年春二月 역대의 왕릉을 수리하다 (AD 435)
十九年夏四月 시조묘에 제사지내다 (AD 435)
二十年夏四月 우박이 내리다 (AD 436)
二十二年夏四月 홍수와 큰 바람이 불고 우박이 내리다 (AD 438)
二十四年 왜인이 남쪽 변경을 침입하다 (AD 440)
二十四年夏六月 왜인이 동쪽 변경에 침입하다 (AD 440)
二十五年春二月 꼬리가 긴 흰 꿩을 바치자 왕이 곡식을 내려주다 (AD 441)
二十八年夏四月 왜병을 쫓다가 위기에 빠지다 (AD 444)

445-449 : 5년 공백

三十四年秋七月 삼직이 고구려의 변방 장수를 죽이다 (AD 450)
三十六年秋七月 상서로운 벼 이삭을 바치다 (AD 452)
三十七年 봄과 여름에 가물다 (453)
三十七年秋七月 이리떼가 시림에 들어가다 (AD 453)
三十八年秋七月 서리와 우박이 내려 곡식을 해치다 (454)
三十八年秋八月 고구려가 북쪽 변경을 침입하다 (AD 454)
三十九年冬十月 고구려가 백제를 침략하니 왕이 군사를 보내 구해주다 (AD 455)

456년 : 공백

四十一年春二月 큰 바람이 불어 나무가 뽑히다 (AD 457)
四十一年夏四月 서리가 내려 보리가 상하다 (457)
四十二年春二月 지진이 일어나다 (AD 458)
四十二年秋八月 왕이 죽다 (AD 458)

 

 

- 《삼국사기》 신라 자비 마립간 본기 (458-479)
 

一年秋八月 자비 마립간이 즉위하다 (AD 458)
二年春二月 시조묘에 배알하다 (459)
二年夏四月 왜인이 쳐들오자 이를 물리치다 (AD 459)

460년 : 공백

四年春二月 서불한 미사흔의 딸을 왕비로 삼다 (AD 461)
四年夏四月 용이 금성의 우물에 나타나다 (AD 461)
五年夏五月 왜인이 활개성을 습격하다 (AD 462)
六年春二月 왜인을 벌지와 덕지가 매복하여 물리치다 (AD 463)
六年秋七月 군대를 사열하다 (AD 463)

464년 : 공백

八年夏四月 물난리가 나서 산이 무너지다 (AD 465)
八年夏五月 사벌군에 누리의 피해가 나다 (AD 465)

466년 : 공백

十年 전함을 수리하도록 하다 (AD 467)
十年秋九月 큰 별이 북쪽에서 동남쪽으로 흘러가다 (AD 467)

十一年 고구려와 말갈이 실직성을 습격하다 (AD 468)
十一年秋九月 하슬라 사람을 징발해 이하에 성을 쌓다 (AD 468)
十二年春一月 서울의 방·리 이름을 정하다 (AD 469)
十二年夏四月 나라 서쪽에 큰 물난리가 났다 (AD 469)
十二年秋七月 물난리를 당한 주·군을 다니며 위로하다 (AD 469)
十三年 삼년산성을 쌓다 (AD 470)
十四年春二月 모로성을 쌓다 (AD 471)
十四年春三月 서울에 땅이 갈라지고 탁한 물이 솟아오르다 (AD 471)
十四年冬十月 전염병이 크게 돌다 (AD 471)

472년 : 공백

十六年春一月 아찬 벌지와 급찬 덕지를 좌·우장군으로 삼다 (AD 473)
十六年秋七月 명활성을 수리하다 (AD 473)
十七年 일모·사시·광석·답달·구례·좌라 등의 성을 쌓다 (AD 474)
十七年秋七月 고구려 왕 거련이 백제를 공격해 한성을 함락하고 백제 왕을 죽이다 (474)
十八年春一月 왕이 명활성으로 옮겨 거주하다 (AD 475)
十九年夏六月 왜인이 동쪽 변경에 침입하여 장군 덕지가 이를 물리치다 (AD 476)
二十年夏五月 왜인이 침입해 왔다가 돌아가다 (AD 477)
二十一年春二月 밤에 붉은 빛이 하늘까지 뻗치다 (AD 478)
二十一年冬十月 서울에 지진이 일어나다 (AD 478)
二十一年春二月三日 왕이 죽다 (AD 479)