2022. 10. 9. 08:19ㆍ역사 자료/Fiddle Lyra
Pandura
 Modern lithograph of a bas relief from Mantineia (4th century BC), exhibited at National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The image shows a muse playing a pandoura, and the original is the oldest image of a pandoura currently known. |
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The pandura (Ancient Greek: πανδοῦρα, pandoura) or pandore, an ancient string instrument, belonged in the broad class of the lute and guitar instruments. Akkadians played similar instruments from the 3rd millennium BC. Ancient Greek artwork depicts such lutes from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward.[1]
Contents
Ancient Greece[edit]
The ancient Greek pandoura was a medium or long-necked lute with a small resonating chamber, used by the ancient Greeks. It commonly had three strings: such an instrument was also known as the trichordon (three-stringed) (τρίχορδον, McKinnon 1984:10). Its descendants still survive as the Kartvelian panduri, the Greek tambouras and bouzouki,[2][3] the North African kuitra, the Eastern Mediterranean saz and the Balkan tamburica and remained popular also in the near east and eastern Europe, too, usually acquiring a third string in the course of time,[4] since the fourth century BC.
Renato Meucci (1996) suggests that the some Italian Renaissance descendants of pandura type were called chitarra italiana, mandore or mandola.
Roman[edit]
Information about Roman pandura-type instruments comes mainly from ancient Roman artwork. Under the Romans the pandura was modified: the long neck was preserved but was made wider to take four strings, and the body was either oval or slightly broader at the base, but without the inward curves of the pear-shaped instruments.[5] The word pandura was rare in classical Latin writers.[6]
Mesopotamia[edit]
Lute-class instruments were present in Mesopotamia since the Akkadian era, or the third millennium BCE.[7]
Eastern variations[edit]
There were at least two distinct varieties of pandura.[5] One type was pear-shaped, used in Assyria and Persia.[5] In this type the body had graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck.[5] These curves changed at the bottom end off the instrument to a more sloping outline, an elongated triangle with the corners rounded off.[5] The oval type, a favourite instrument of the Egyptians, was also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa.[5]
Caucasus[edit]
From the ancient Greek word pandoura, a comparable instrument is found in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia, where it is known as phandar. In Georgia the panduri is a three-string fretted instrument. The modern Georganian panduri instrument is in the tanbur class.
Gallery[edit]
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Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC.
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Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD.
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Memorial stele for a 16-year-old Roman woman, depicted playing a pandura-type instrument, date estimated 2nd century A.D. Unearthed in 1956 at the archeological site Emerita Augusta in Spain. Kept at the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano in Mérida, Spain.[8][9][10]
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Pandura-type instrument depicted on a Roman sarcophagus dated 3rd century AD.[11]
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Roman or Byzantine pandoura from a 6th-century A.D. mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The instrument has three strings.[12]
See also[edit]
References
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