<펌>Texandria

Texandria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Toxandria)

Jump to navigationJump to search

Texandria (also Toxiandria; later Toxandria, Taxandria),[note 1] is a region mentioned in the 4th century AD and during the Middle Ages. It was situated in the southern part of the modern Netherlands and in the northern part of present-day Belgium, currently known as Campine (Kempen in Dutch).

Contents

• 1Name
• 2History
• 3References
  • 3.1Footnotes
  • 3.2Citations
  • 3.3Bibliography

Name[edit]

The tribal name Texandri, which may be related to the region,[1] is mentioned as Texand(ri) by an inscription dated 100–225 AD, as Texuandri by Pliny (1st c. AD),[2] and perhaps as Texu<...> on an inscription from Romania dated 102/103 AD.[3]

 

The variant form Toxiandria is only attested once in a 9th-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus' Res Gestae (ca. 390) to designate the region, and the variant Taxandria occurs five times in 9th-century sources, and also in later documents.[3] The inconsistencies in spelling may be explained by dittography (errors by copyists),[4][3] or by the fact that the old form Texandri had fallen out of usage.[3]

 

The name Texandria is generally assumed to stem from the Proto-Germanic root *tehswō(n)- ('right [hand], south'; compare with Old Saxon tesewa, Gothic taihswa, 'right, south') attached to the contrasting suffix *-dra-.[5][6][1] Texandria may thus be interpreted as the 'land of the southerners'.[1]

 

History[edit]

 

The region of Texandria is first mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus ca. 390 AD.[4] In the 380s, the Salian Franks, after being defeated by Julian ca. 358, were given permission to settle apud Toxiandriam locum ('at a place in Toxiandria').[7]

 

Texandria in a map of Western Europe (919-1125).

Between 709 and ca. 1100, the name Texandria was used to denote a region located in the southern part of the modern Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium.[7] In sources of the period 709–795, the pagus Texandrie appears concentrated in the basin of the river Dommel and its tributaries, with a first cluster of locations between Alphen in the west and Waalre in the east, and a second cluster more to the south around Overpelt.[7]

As a result of a growing elite network of alliances, Texandria expanded between 815 and 914 to a region covering modern North Brabant and adjacent parts of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg (possibly between Oosterhout, Laakdal and Reppel).[8] In the mid-11th century, Stepelinus, a monk from Saint-Trond, located the region of Campania (firstly attested in this document) within Texandria.[9] From ca. 1225, however, Campania (modern Campine) replaced Texandria as the name of the region. Texandria had nonetheless survived as the name of a vast archdeaconry within the diocese of Liège, although it was eventually replaced with Campania by the end of the 14th century and disappeared from historical records.[10][note 2]

 

References