고국양왕(384-391)의 고구려와 백제(진사왕), 신라(내물왕), 중국과 로마제국 자료

1. 고국양왕 시기의 고구려, 백제, 신라

 

《삼국사기》 고구려 고국양왕 (384 - 391)  본기

一年冬十一月 고국양왕이 즉위하다 (384)
二年夏六月 요동군과 현도군을 점령하다 (385)
二年冬十一月 요동군과 현도군을 다시 후연에 빼앗기다 (385)
二年冬十二月 지진이 발생하다 (385)

 

三年春一月 담덕을 태자로 삼다 (386)
三年秋八月 백제를 공격하다 (386)

 

三年冬十月 겨울에 복숭아와 자두 꽃이 피고, 소가 말을 낳다 (386)

387년 : 공백
五年夏四月 큰 가뭄이 들다 (388)
五年秋八月 농작물이 풀무치 피해를 입다 (388)
六年 기근이 들어 창고를 열어 구제하다 (389)

 

六年秋九月 백제가 남쪽 변경 지역을 약탈하다 (389)
七年秋九月 백제가 고구려 도압성을 침략하다 (390)

 

八年 신라가 실성을 보내 인질로 삼았다 (391)
八年春三月 불교를 숭상하고 사직을 세우고 종묘를 수리하다 (391)
八年夏五月 고국양왕이 죽다 (391)

 

《삼국사기》 백제 진사왕 (385-392) 본기

一年冬十一月 진사왕이 즉위하다 (AD 385)
二年 청목령 일대에 관방을 쌓다 (AD 386)
二年秋七月 서리가 내려 곡식을 해치다 (AD 386)
二年秋八月 고구려가 침입하다 (AD 386)
三年春一月 진가모를 달솔로 임명하다 (AD 387)

 

三年秋九月 관미령에서 말갈과 전투를 벌이다 (AD 387)

388년 : 공백

五年秋九月 고구려의 남쪽 변경을 공격하다 (AD 389)

 

六年秋七月 혜성이 북하 성좌에 나타나다 (AD 390)

 

六年秋九月 진가모가 (고구려의) 도곤성을 공격하여 함락시키다 (AD 390)

 

六年冬十月 구원의 북쪽에서 사냥하여 사슴을 잡다 (AD 390)
七年春一月 궁실을 중수하고 연못을 파다 (AD 391)

 

七年夏四月 말갈이 적현성을 공격하여 함락시키다 (AD 391)

 

七年秋七月 서해의 큰 섬에서 사냥하다 (AD 391)
七年秋八月 횡악 서쪽 지역에서 사냥하다 (AD 391)

 

<이후 광개토태왕 시기의 백제>

八年夏五月一日 일식이 일어나다 (AD 392)

 

八年秋七月 고구려의 공격을 받아 석현성 등을 상실하다 (AD 392)
八年冬十月 고구려에게 관미성을 상실하다 (AD 392)

 

八年 구원에서 사냥하다 (AD 392)
八年冬十一月 진사왕이 죽다 (AD 392)

 

 

 

《삼국사기》 신라 내물 이사금 (356-402, 46년) 본기

 

 

<고구려 고국원왕 시기의 신라 내물왕 시기>

 

一年夏四月 내물 이사금이 즉위하다 (AD 356)
二年 환·과·고·독을 위로하고, 효제에 특별한 사람을 포상하다 (357)
三年春二月 시조묘에 제사지내다 (358)

359-361 : 3년 공백

七年夏四月 나무가 가지를 서로 잇다 (362)
九年夏四月 왜병이 쳐들어오자 이를 물리치다 (AD 364)
十一年春三月 백제 사람이 와서 예방하다 (AD 366)
十一年夏四月 물난리가 나서 산이 무너지다 (366)
十三年 백제 왕이 좋은 말을 바치다 (AD 368)

369-371 : 3년 공백

 

<고구려 소수림왕 시기의 신라 내물왕 시기>

 

十七年 가물고 흉년이 들자 사자를 보내 진휼하다 (372)

十八年 백제의 독산성주가 신라로 투항하다 (AD 373)

 

十九年夏五月 서울에 물고기가 비에 섞여 떨어지다 (AD 374)

375년 : 공백
二十一年秋七月 뿔이 하나 달린 사슴을 바치다 (AD 376)

377-378 : 2년 공백
二十四年夏四月 작은 참새가 큰 새를 낳다 (AD 379)

380년 : 공백

 

二十六年 위두를 전진에 사신으로 파견하다 (AD 381)

382-384 : 3년 공백

 

 

<고구려 고국양왕 시기의 신라 내물왕 시기>

 

385-387 : 3년 공백

三十三年夏四月 서울에 지진이 일어나다 (AD 388)
三十三年夏六月 또 지진이 일어나다 (388)
三十三年 겨울에 얼음이 얼지 않다 (388)
三十四年春一月 서울에 전염병이 크게 돌다 (AD 389)
三十四年春二月 흙비가 내리다 (389)
三十四年秋七月 누리의 피해로 곡식이 여물지 않다 (389)

390-391 : 2년 공백

 

<이후 광개토태왕 시기의 신라 내물왕 시기>

 

三十七年春一月 이찬 대서지의 아들 실성을 고구려에 보내 볼모로 삼다 (AD 392)
三十八年夏五月 왜인이 와서 금성을 포위하자 독산에서 대승을 거두다[10] (AD 393)

394년 : 공백
四十年秋八月 말갈이 침입하자 이를 물리치다 (AD 395)

 

396년 : 공백
四十二年秋七月 하슬라에 흉년이 들어 죄수를 사면하고 세금을 감면해 주다 (AD 397)

398년 : 공백

四十四年秋七月 누리가 날아와 들판을 덮다 (AD 399)
四十五年秋八月 살별이 동쪽에 나타나다 (AD 400)
四十五年冬十月 내구마가 슬프게 울다[11] (AD 400)
四十六年 봄과 여름에 가물다 (401)
四十六年秋七月 고구려에 볼모로 갔던 실성이 돌아오다 (AD 401)
四十七年春二月 왕이 죽다 (AD 402)

 

 

 

2. 이 시기의  중국사 

 

북위 (386 - 534)

 

후연 (384-407) :

고국양왕 시기 (385-391) 후연과 마찰 기록 전혀 무

광개토태왕 시기 (392-413) : 후연과 전쟁 많음, 후연 멸망 시킴? (407)

 

후진(384-417)

 

서진 (385-431)

 

 

 

 

3. 동 시기의 로마사 자료

 

- Valentinian II (375-392, W RE) : Italy, Part of Illyricum, North Africa

 

   375 : 4살, Empress Justina (mother) 섭정 (court Milan)

 

 

- Gratian (375-383, W. RE) : Gaul, Hispania, Britain

   

    - 백제 근구수왕 (375-384)

 

    - 고구려 소수림왕 (371-384)

 

- Theodosius I (379-395)

  E. RE emperor (379-392)

        invited by Gratian after the death of Valens (378) at Adrianople

 

  백제 진사왕 : 385-392

 

  Whole Emperor for 392-395

 

- Eugenius (392-394, Usurper, West Roman Empire)

 

** Valentinian II 자료

"Reign from Milan (375–387)

Gratian, forced to accommodate the generals who supported his half-brother, governed the trans-alpine provinces (including Gaul, Hispania, and Britain), while Italy, part of Illyricum, and North Africa were under the rule of Valentinian. In 378, their uncle, the Emperor Valens, was killed in battle with the Goths at Adrianople, and Gratian invited the general Theodosius to be emperor in the East. As a child, Valentinian II was under the influence of his Arian mother, the Empress Justina, and the imperial court at Milan, an influence contested by the Nicene bishop of Milan, Ambrose.[3]

 

Justina used her influence over her young son to oppose the Nicean party which was championed by Ambrose. In 385 Ambrose refused an imperial request to hand over the Portian basilica for the celebration of Easter by the Imperial court.[4] When he was summoned to be punished to the Imperial palace, the orthodox populace rioted, and Justina's Gothic troops were prevented by the arch-bishop himself, standing in the doorway, from entering the Basilica. Justina was forced to back down.[5] Afterwards, Justina ordered legislation to rescind the penalties enacted by Gratian and Valentinian against heresy, proclaiming universal toleration.[6] When Ambrose was found, as no doubt she had intended, to have determinedly infracted the new laws, Justina again tried to have him banished, and Ambrose was forced to barricade himself, with the enthusiastic backing of the people, within the walls of the Basilica. The Imperial troops besieged him, but Ambrose held on, reinforcing the resolution of his followers by allegedly unearthing, beneath the foundations of the church, the bodies of two ancient martyrs.[7] Theodosius, the orthodox emperor of the east, interceded, forcing Justina to again relent.[8] Magnus Maximus was to use the emperor's heterodoxy against him. Valentinian also tried to restrain the despoiling of pagan temples in Rome. Buoyed by this instruction, the pagan senators, led by Aurelius Symmachus, the Prefect of Rome, petitioned in 384 for the restoration of the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, which had been removed by Gratian in 382. Valentinian, at the insistence of Ambrose, refused the request and, in so doing, rejected the traditions and rituals of pagan Rome to which Symmachus had appealed.

 

In 383, Magnus Maximus, commander of the armies in Britain, declared himself Emperor and established himself in Gaul and Hispania. Gratian died while fleeing him. For a time the court of Valentinian, through the mediation of Ambrose, came to an accommodation with the usurper, and Theodosius recognized Maximus as co-emperor of the West. In 386 or 387, Maximus crossed the Alps into the Po valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian II and Justina fled to Theodosius in Thessalonica. The latter came to an agreement, cemented by his marriage to Valentinian's sister Galla, to restore the young emperor in the West.[3] In 388, Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus. Although he was to appoint both of his sons emperor (Arcadius in 383, Honorius in 393), Theodosius remained loyal to the dynasty of Valentinian I.

 

Reign from Vienne (388–392)

 

After the defeat of Maximus, Theodosius remained in Milan until 391. Valentinian took no part in Theodosius's triumphal celebrations over Maximus. Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne in Gaul, while Theodosius appointed key administrators in the West and had coins minted, which implied his guardianship over the 17-year-old.[9] Justina had already died, and Vienne was far away from the influence of Ambrose. Theodosius's trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (bar Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius.[10] While the general campaigned successfully on the Rhine, the young emperor remained at Vienne, in contrast to his warrior father and his older brother, who had campaigned at his age. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, and the general even murdered Harmonius, a friend of Valentinian suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence.[11]

 

The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. In explicit rejection of his earlier Arianism, he invited Ambrose to come to Vienne to baptize him.

 

On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Zosimus writing in the early sixth century from Constantinople, states that Arbogast had Valentinian murdered;[12] ancient authorities being divided in their opinion.[13][page needed] Ambrose's eulogy is the only contemporary Western source for Valentinian's death.[14] It is ambiguous on the question of the emperor's death, which is not surprising, as Ambrose represents him as a model of Christian virtue. Suicide, not murder, would make the bishop dissemble on this key question.[15]

 

The young man's body was conveyed in ceremony to Milan for burial by Ambrose, mourned by his sisters Justa and Grata. He was laid in a porphyry sarcophagus next to his brother Gratian, most probably in the Chapel of Sant'Aquilino attached to San Lorenzo.[a]

 

At first Arbogast recognized Theodosius's son Arcadius as emperor in the West, seemingly surprised by his charge's death.[17] After three months, during which he had no communication from Theodosius, Arbogast selected an imperial official, Eugenius, as emperor. Theodosius initially tolerated this regime but, in January 393, elevated the eight-year-old Honorius as augustus to succeed Valentinian II. Civil war ensued and, in 394, Theodosius defeated Eugenius and Arbogast at the Battle of Frigidus River."

 

(source : Valentinian II, Wikipedia, 필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, W. Roma (3364-476), 펌글 참조)