고구려 - 수 당 전쟁과 이 시기 서양사 자료

필자는 그동안 프랑스 지역이 고대사 중국의 지역이 아닌가 추정했다. 서해군공에 작위를 받은 티베트의 전신 토욕혼이 대서양에 접한 포루투갈 지역의 수에비왕국이라 추정했다. 그러면 고구려와 수 당의 전쟁이 서양사에 나타나야 이러한 추정이 옹호될 수 있다. 그래서 이에 대해 살펴 보고자 한다.

 

 

<고구려 평원왕 시기의 고구려와 수나라 >

 

二十八年 장안성으로 천도하다 (586)

587-589 : 3년 공백

三十二年 진이 멸망한 소식을 듣고 수의 침입에 대비하다 (590)

 

<고구려 영양왕 시기 고구려-수 전쟁 관련 삼국사기 기록>

 

- 수나라의 1차 침입 (598)

九年春二月 수가 30만 대군으로 침입해오다 (598)
九年夏六月 수 문제가 영양왕의 관작을 빼앗다 (598)
九年夏六月 수의 군대가 고구려 침략에 실패하다 (598)
九年秋九月 수의 군대가 철수하다 (598)

 

- 수나라의 2차 침입 (611-612)

二十二年春二月 수 양제가 고구려를 공격하기로 하다 (611)
二十二年夏四月 수의 병력이 탁군으로 집결하다 (611)
二十三年春一月 수 양제가 고구려 총공격을 명하다 (612)
二十三年春二月 수의 군대가 고구려 요동성을 포위하다 (612)
二十三年夏五月 수가 요동성 공격에 실패하다 (612)
二十三年夏六月 수 황제가 장수들을 질책하다 (612)
二十三年夏六月 수의 장군 내호아의 수군이 평양성 공격에 실패하다(612)
二十三年夏六月 수의 군대가 압록강 서쪽에 집결하다 (612)
二十三年夏六月 을지문덕이 수의 진영에 거짓 항복하다 (612)
二十三年夏六月 수의 군대가 을지문덕의 유도 작전에 말려들다 (612)
二十三年秋七月 을지문덕이 살수에서 수의 군대에 대첩을 거두다 (612)

 

- 수나라의 3차 침입 (613)

二十四年春一月 수 양제가 다시 공격할 준비를 하다 (613)
二十四年春一月 수 양제가 고구려 정벌을 다시 논의하다 (613)
二十四年夏四月 수가 다시 고구려를 침공하다 (613)
二十四年夏四月 수의 군대가 철수하다 (613)

 

- 수나라의 4차 침입 (614)

二十五年春二月 수 양제가 또 고구려 정벌을 명하다 (614)
二十五年秋七月 항복을 청하다 (614)
二十五年秋八月 수의 군대가 철수하다 (614)
二十五年冬十月 수가 다시 침략해오지 못하다 (614)

 

 

 

Theudebert II (French: Thibert ou Théodebert) (c.585-612),[1] King of Austrasia (595–612 AD), was the son and heir of Childebert II. He received the kingdom of Austrasia plus the cities (civitates) of Poitiers, Tours, Le Puy-en-Velay, Bordeaux, and Châteaudun, as well as the Champagne, the Auvergne, and Transjurane Alemannia.

 

During his early years, his grandmother Brunhilda ruled for Theudebert and his brother Theuderic II, who had received the realm of Burgundy. After the two brothers reached adulthood, they were often at war, with Brunhilda siding with Theuderic. In 599, Theuderic defeated Theudebert at Sens, but then the two brothers allied against their cousin Chlothar II and defeated him at Dormelles (near Montereau), thereby laying their hands on a great portion of Neustria (600–604). At this point, however, the two brothers took up arms against each other; Theuderic defeated Theudebert at Étampes. In 605, Theudebert refused to aid his brother whose kingdom was invaded by Clothar II. In 610, Theudebert extorted Alsace from his brother and Theuderic took up arms against him, yet again.

 

Theudebert was defeated decisively by Theuderic at Toul and at Zülpich in 612.[2][3][4] Theudebert was locked up in a monastery at the order of his grandmother, and killed with his son Merovech.[5]

 

(source : Theudebert (r 585-612), Wikipedia, 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, Franks)

 

<Sens>

Sens (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃s] ) Sens is a sub-prefecture and the second city of the department, the sixth in the region. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.

 

History[edit]

 

The city is said to have been one of the oppida of the Senones, one of the oldest Celtic tribes living in Gaul. It is mentioned as Agedincum by Julius Caesar[2] several times in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The Roman city was built during the first century BC and surrounded by walls during the third (notable parts of the walls still remain, with alterations along the centuries). It still retains today the skeleton of its Roman street plan.[3] The site was referred to by Ammianus Marcellinus as Senones (oppidum Senonas), where the future emperor Julian faced an Alamannic siege for a few months, but it did not become an administrative center until after the reorganization of the Roman Empire in 375, when it was the chief town of Lugdunensis Quarta.

 

During the Middle Ages its archbishops held the prestigious role of primate of Gaul and Germany. The bishop of Sens became an archbishop as early as the mid-5th century, but the cult of the traditional founders Savinian and Potentian, not mentioned by Gregory of Tours, did not appear until the 8th century, when they were added to the local recension of the Seventy Apostles.[4] The Hôtel de Sens in Paris was their official residence in that city. The Archdiocese of Sens ruled over the dioceses of Chartres, Auxerre, Meaux, Paris, Orléans, Nevers and Troyes, summarized by the acronym CAMPONT. This city was conquered by a Muslim army in 725 AD, but was abandoned quickly after the death of the commander of the army, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, from natural causes.

 

Starting from 1135, the cathedral of Sens, dedicated to Saint Stephen, was rebuilt as one of the first Gothic cathedrals. There, in 1234, Louis IX of France celebrated his wedding to Marguerite of Provence. Sens witnessed the trial of Peter Abelard. Pope Alexander III sojourned for some time in the city, and Thomas Becket spent part of his exile between 1162 and 1165. The Archdiocese of Sens hosted a number of church councils and the first Archbishop of Uppsala was consecrated there. William of Sens was the principal architect of Canterbury Cathedral.

 

Sens experienced troublesome times during the Wars of Religion. In 1562, 100 of the town’s Huguenot population were killed in the Massacre of Sens.[5]

The city declined after Paris was elevated to archdiocese in 1622. Since 2002, Sens remains an archbishopric (though the incumbent resides in Auxerre since 1929?)[citation needed] but with no metropolitical function (no pallium or marriage appeals).

Despite the creation of new regions, Sens remains subject to the Paris cour d'appel.

 

<Dormelles>

Dormelles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

 

<Etampes>

 

Étampes (French: [etɑ̃p] (listen)) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located 48.1 km (29.9 mi) south-southwest from the center of Paris (as the crow flies). Étampes is a sub-prefecture of the Essonne department.

Étampes, together with the neighboring communes of Morigny-Champigny and Brières-les-Scellés, form an urban area of 30,881 inhabitants (2018). This urban area is a "satellite city" of Paris.

(source : Etampes, wikipedia)

 

<Alsace>

"Alsace (/ælˈsæs/,[3] US also /ælˈseɪs, ˈælsæs/;[4][5] French: [alzas] (

listen); Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass[a] [ˈɛlzas] (

listen); Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland. In 2020, it had a population of 1,898,533. Alsatian culture is characterized by a blend of Germanic and French influences.[6]

 

Until 1871, Alsace included the area now known as the Territoire de Belfort, which formed its southernmost part. From 1982 to 2016, Alsace was the smallest administrative région in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. Territorial reform passed by the French Parliament in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form Grand Est. On 1 January 2021, the departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the new European Collectivity of Alsace but remained part of the region Grand Est.

 

Alsatian is an Alemannic dialect closely related to Swabian, although since World War II most Alsatians primarily speak French. Internal and international migration since 1945 has also changed the ethnolinguistic composition of Alsace. For more than 300 years, from the Thirty Years' War to World War II, the political status of Alsace was heavily contested between France and various German states in wars and diplomatic conferences. The economic and cultural capital of Alsace, as well as its largest city, is Strasbourg, which sits on the contemporary German international border. The city is the seat of several international organizations and bodies......

Pre-Roman Alsace[edit]

 

The presence of hominids can be traced back 600,000 years ago.[9] By 1500 BC,[10] Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. Alsace is a plain surrounded by the Vosges mountains (west) and the Black Forest mountains (east). It creates Foehn winds which, along with natural irrigation, contribute to the fertility of the soil. In a world of agriculture, Alsace has always been a rich region which explains why it has suffered so many invasions and annexations in its history.

 

Roman Alsace[edit]

 

By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture. To protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior.

 

Alemannic and Frankish Alsace[edit]

Main article: Duchy of Alsace

In 357 AD, Germanic tribes attempted to conquer Alsace but they were rebuffed by the Romans.[9] With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the eldest grandson Lothar I.

Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.

(source : Alsace, wikipedia)

 

<Toul>

Toul (French pronunciation: ​[tul]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France......

 

Toul is betweenCommercyandNancy, and the riverMoselleandCanal de la Marne au Rhin.

(source : Toul, wikipedia)

 

<Moselle river>

"The Moselle (/moʊˈzɛl/ moh-ZEL,[1]  French: [mɔzɛl] (listen); German: Mosel [ˈmoːzl̩] (listen); Luxembourgish: Musel [ˈmuzəl]) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany. It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our.

 

Its lower course "twists and turns its way between Trier and Koblenz along one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys."[2] In this section the land to the north is the Eifel which stretches into Belgium; to the south lies the Hunsrück. The river flows through a region that was cultivated by the Romans. Today, its hillsides are covered by terraced vineyards where "some of the best Rieslings grow".[2] Many castle ruins sit on the hilltops above wine villages and towns along the slopes. Traben-Trarbach with its art nouveau architecture and Bernkastel-Kues with its traditional market square are two of the many tourist attractions on the Moselle river...

Geography[edit]

 

Moselle basin area

The source of the Moselle is at 715 m (2,346 ft) above sea level on the Col de Bussang on the western slopes of the Ballon d'Alsace in the Vosges. After 544 km (338 mi) it discharges into the Rhine at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz at a height of 59 m (194 ft) above NHN sea level. The length of the river in France is 313 km (194 mi),[5] for 39 km (24 mi) it forms the border between Germany and Luxembourg, and 208 km (129 mi) is solely within Germany.

The Moselle flows through the Lorraine region, west of the Vosges. Further downstream, in Germany, the Moselle valley forms the division between the Eifel and Hunsrück mountain regions.

 

The average flow rate of the Moselle at its mouth is 328 m3/s (11,600 cu ft/s),[6] making it the second largest tributary of the Rhine by volume after the Aare (560 m3/s, 20,000 cu ft/s) and bigger than the Main and Neckar.[7]

River sections[edit]

 

The section of the Moselle from the France–Germany–Luxembourg tripoint near Schengen to its confluence with the Saar near Konz shortly before Trier is in Germany known (geographically incorrectly[citation needed]) as the Upper Moselle. The section from Trier to Pünderich is the Middle Moselle, the section between Pünderich and its mouth in Koblenz as the Lower Moselle or Terraced Moselle (Terrassenmosel). Characteristic of the Middle and Lower Moselle are its wide meanders cut deeply into the highlands of the Rhenish Massif, the most striking of which is the Cochemer Krampen between Bremm and Cochem. Also typical are its vineyard terraces.

 

From the tripoint the Moselle marks the entire Saarland–Luxembourg border.

 

Catchment[edit]

 

The catchment area of the Moselle is 28,286 km2 (10,921 sq mi) in area. The French part covers 15,360 km2 (5,930 sq mi), about 54 percent of the entire catchment. The German state of Rhineland-Palatinate has 6,980 km2 (2,690 sq mi), the Saarland 2,569 km2 (992 sq mi), Luxembourg 2,521 km2 (973 sq mi), Wallonia in Belgium 767 km2 (296 sq mi) and North Rhine-Westphalia, 88 km2 (34 sq mi).

 

Tributaries[edit]

 

The three largest tributaries of the Moselle are, in alphabetical order, the Meurthe, the Saar and the Sauer. The Meurthe was the old upper course of the Moselle, until the latter captured the former upper reaches of the Meuse and took it over. However, the Meuse only delivered a little more water than the Meurthe at its confluence. The Saar is the biggest of all the tributaries (78.2 m3/s, 2,760 cu ft/s) as well as the longest (246 km, 153 mi). The Sauer is the largest left-hand tributary and drains the region on either side of the German-Luxembourg border. The largest tributary relative to the Moselle at its confluence is the Moselotte, which is about 40% greater by volumetric flow and thus represents the main branch of the Moselle system. At its mouth, the Moselle delivers 328 m3/s (11,600 cu ft/s) of water into the Rhine after flowing for 544 km (338 mi).

 

 

 

List of tributaries

From the left

Madon, Terrouin, Esch, Rupt de Mad, Orne, Fensch, Gander, Syre, Sauer, Kyll, Salm, Lieser, Alf, Endert, Brohlbach, Elz.

 

From the right

Moselotte, Vologne, Meurthe, Seille, Saar, Olewiger Bach, Avelsbach, Ruwer, Feller Bach, Dhron, Ahringsbach, Kautenbach, Lützbach, Flaumbach, Altlayer Bach, Baybach, Ehrbach.

 

Towns[edit]

Towns along the Moselle are:

• in France: Épinal, Toul, Pont-à-Mousson, Metz and Thionville
• in Luxembourg: Schengen, Remich, Grevenmacher and Wasserbillig
• in Germany: Konz, Trier, Schweich, Bernkastel-Kues, Traben-Trarbach, Zell, Cochem and Koblenz

Adjacent mountain ranges[edit]

From Trier downstream the Moselle separates the two Central Upland ranges of the Eifel (to the northwest) and the Hunsrück (to the southeast).

Geology

The Vosges, the present source region of the Moselle, were formed about 50 million years ago. In the Miocene and Pliocene epochs the ancient Moselle (Urmosel) was already a tributary of the ancient Rhine (Ur-Rhein). When, in the Quaternary period, the Rhenish Massif slowly rose, the meanders of the Moselle were formed between the Trier Valley and the Neuwied Basin.

(source : Moselle river, Wikipedia)

 

 

<Saar river>

 

"The Saar (German: [zaːɐ̯] (

listen); French: Sarre [saʁ]) is a river in northeastern France and western Germany, and a right tributary of the Moselle. It rises in the Vosges mountains on the border of Alsace and Lorraine and flows northwards into the Moselle near Trier. It has two headstreams (the Sarre Rouge and Sarre Blanche, which join in Lorquin), that both start near Mont Donon, the highest peak of the northern Vosges. After 246 kilometres (153 mi) (129 kilometres; 80 miles in France and on the French-German border,[1] and 117 kilometres; 73 miles in Germany) the Saar flows into the Moselle at Konz (Rhineland-Palatinate) between Trier and the Luxembourg border. It has a catchment area of 7,431 square kilometres (2,869 sq mi).

 

Course of the Saar (1703)

The Saar flows through the following departments of France, states of Germany and towns:

• Moselle (F): Abreschviller (Sarre Rouge), Lorquin, Sarrebourg, Fénétrange
• Bas-Rhin (F): Sarre-Union
• Moselle (F): Sarralbe, Sarreguemines
• Saarland (D): Saarbrücken, Völklingen, Wadgassen, Bous, Saarlouis, Dillingen, Merzig
• Rhineland-Palatinate (D): Saarburg, Konz.

 

Confluence of Saar and Moselle in Konz

On the banks of the Saar is the UNESCO-World Heritage Site Völklinger Hütte. At Mettlach the Saar passes the well-known Saar loop. The lower Saar in Rhineland-Palatinate is a winegrowing region of some importance, producing mostly Riesling. Until the early 20th century, much more wine was grown on the banks of the Saar, reaching much further up from the mouth of the river, up to Saarbrücken. Only in the early 21st century have some enterprising farmers from the Saarland area started experimenting with winegrowing again.

The name Saar stems from the Celtic word sara (streaming water), and the Roman name of the river, saravus."

(source : Saar river, Wikipedia)

 

 

<Zulpich>

 

Zülpich (Kölsch: Zöllech) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany between Aachen and Bonn. It belongs to the district of Euskirchen.

 

(source : Zulpich, wikipedia)

 

 

<고구려 영류왕 시기 (618-642)>

 

夏五月 졸본에서 돌아오다 (619)

四年秋七月 당에 조공하다 (621)
五年 고구려 내에 흩어져 있던 중국인들을 모아 돌려보내다 (622)
六年冬十二月 당에 조공하다 (623)
七年春二月 당에서 도교가 전래되다 (624)
七年冬十二月 당에 조공하다 (624)
八年 당에 가서 불교와 도교의 교법을 배우기 시작하다 (625)
九年 신라와 백제가 당에 가서 고구려의 침략 행위를 호소하다 (626)
十一年秋九月 당에 봉역도를 바치다 (628)
十二年秋八月 신라 김유신이 낭비성을 쳐부수다 (629)
十二年秋九月 당에 조공하다 (629)

630년 : 공백

十四年 당이 고구려가 세운 경관을 허물어버리다 (631)

十四年春二月 천리장성이 완성되다 (631)

632-637 : 6년 공백

二十一年冬十月 신라 칠중성 공격에 실패하다 (638)
二十三年春二月 세자 환권을 당에 보내 조공하다 (640)
二十三年春二月 당에 자제의 국학 입학을 청하다 (640)
二十三年秋九月 태양이 3일간 빛을 잃다 (640)
二十四年 당 사신 진대덕이 고구려의 허실을 탐지하고 돌아가다 (641)
二十五年春一月 당에 조공하다 (642)

二十五年春一月 연개소문에게 장성 축조를 감독하게 하다 (642)
二十五年冬十月 연개소문이 영류왕을 죽이다 (642)

 

<고구려 보장왕 시기의 당나라 침입>

- 당나라의 고구려 1차 침입 (644-645)

 

三年冬十一月 당 태종이 고구려 공격을 위한 병력을 동원하다 (644)
四年春一月 당의 이세적의 군대가 유주에 도착하다 (645)
四年春三月 당 태종과 이세적이 출정하다 (645)
四年夏四月 당군이 고구려의 성을 공격하다 (645)
四年夏五月 비사성이 함락되다 (645)
四年夏五月 당군이 요동성을 공격하여 함락시키다 (645)
四年 백암성이 당 태종에게 항복하다 (645)
四年 개모성이 함락되다 (645)
四年 고구려 군대와 말갈 병력이 당 태종의 군대와 싸워 패하다 (645)
四年 당군이 안시성 전투에서 패하여 돌아가다 (645)

 

 

- 당나라의 2차, 3차, 4차 침입 (647, 648, 649)

六年春二月 당군이 소규모 병력으로 다시 침략하다 (647)
六年夏五月 당의 이세적 군대가 쳐들어왔다 돌아가다 (647)
六年秋七月 당군에 패하다 (647)

六年秋八月 당태종이 고구려를 정벌하고자 배를 만들게 하다 (647)
七年春一月 당 태종이 바다를 건너 공격하게 하다 (648)
七年夏四月 당 고신감의 군대에 패하다 (648)

七年夏六月 당 태종이 고구려를 정벌하고자 하다 (648)
七年秋七月 당 태종이 배를 만들게 하다 (648)
七年秋九月 당군이 박작성을 공격하다 (648)
八年夏四月 당 태종이 고구려 침략 전쟁을 포기하라고 유언하다 (649)

 

 

- 당나라의 5차 6차 침입 (655, 658)

十四年春二月 당이 공격해오다 (655)
十四年夏五月 당군이 요수를 건너와 큰 피해를 입히고 돌아가다 (655)

656-657년 : 공백
十七年夏六月 당군의 공격이 실패하다 (658)

 

- 당나라의 7차, 8차, 9차 침입 (659, 660-661, 661-662 )

十八年冬十一月 온사문이 설인귀의 당군에 패하다 (659)

十九年冬十一月 당이 고구려를 공격해오다 (660)
二十年春一月 당이 평양을 향해 공격해오다 (661)
二十年夏四月 당이 고구려 원정을 중지하다 (661)

 

二十年秋八月 소정방의 당군이 평양성을 포위하다 (661)
二十年秋九月 평양성이 당군에게 항복하다 (661)

二十一年春一月 방효태의 당군이 연개소문과 싸워 전사하다 (662)

663-665 : 3년 공백

 

- 당나라의 10차 침입 (666-668)

 

二十五年冬十二月 당 고종이 고구려를 공격하기 위한 준비를 하다(666)
二十六年秋九月 당군이 고구려의 성을 빼앗다 (667)
二十七年春一月 당이 유인궤를 요동도부대총관으로 임명하다 (668)
二十七年春二月 부여성 등 40여 성이 당에게 함락되다 (668)
二十七年秋九月 고구려가 멸망하다 (668)

 

 

** War :  Frankish (Dagobert) - Slavic tribes (Wendish)(Samo, winner) 

    631-632, 641

 

"Samo founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire (realm, kingdom, or tribal union), stretching from Silesia to present-day Slovenia, ruling from 623 until his death in 658.

 

According to Fredegarius, the only contemporary source, Samo was a Frankish merchant[1] who unified several Slavic tribes against robber raids and violence by nearby settled Avars, showing such bravery and command skills in battle that he was elected as the "Slavic king" (Latin: Rex Sclavorum). In 631, Samo successfully defended his realm against the Frankish Kingdom in the three-day Battle of Wogastisburg.

...........

 

The most well-documented event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under Dagobert I in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns" during his ninth year (631–32), Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own Austrasian army.[5] The Franks were routed near Wogastisburg (Latin castrum Vogastisburg), an unidentified location meaning "fortress/castle of Vogast." The majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish Thuringia several times and undertook looting raids there.[6] The Sorbian prince Dervan abandoned the Franks and "placed himself and his people under Samo's realm".[7]

 

 

In 641, the rebellious duke of Thuringia, Radulf, sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, Sigebert III.[2] Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.[4] On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.[7] Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a Wendish identity by speaking on behalf of the community that recognised his authority.[8]

 

(source : Samo, Wikipedia)

 

 

 

According to the contemporary Chronicle of Fredegar, the Battle of Wogastisburg was a battle between Slavs (Sclav, cognomento Winidi[1]) under King Samo and Franks under King Dagobert I in 631. The Frankish armies advanced into the area of the Slavic tribal union in three groups - Alamanni, Lombards, and Austrasian Franks. The first two were quite successful, but the main fighting force was defeated in a three-day battle near a place referred to as Wogastisburg.

 

The site of the battle cannot be successfully located because the source, Fredegar's chronicle, gives no geographical specifications. Thus a lot of places claim to be connected with the battle (usually based on linguistic parallels and some excavations), such as Rubín hill near Podbořany (Bohemia), Úhošť hill near Kadaň (Bohemia), Bratislava (Slovakia), Trenčín (Slovakia), Beckov (Slovakia), Váh river = Voga (Slovakia), Staffelberg near Bad Staffelstein (Upper Franconia), Burk near Forchheim (Upper Franconia), Vienna, Augustianis[2][Note 1] and other places along the middle Danube etc.

 

 (source : Battle of Wogastisburg, Wikipedia)

 

 

In 631, Dagobert led a large army against Samo, the ruler of the Slavic Wends, partly at the request of the Germanic peoples living in the eastern territories and also due to Dagobert's quarrel with him about the Wends having robbed and killed a number of Frankish merchants.[16] While Dagobert's Austrasian forces were defeated at the Wogastisburg,[17] his Alemmanic and Lombard allies were successful in repelling the Wends.[18] Taking advantage of the situation at the time, the Saxons offered to help Dagobert if he agreed to rescind the 500 cow yearly tribute to the Austrasians. Despite accepting this agreement, Fredegar reports that it was to little avail since the Wends attacked again the following year.[18]

 

(source : Dagobert I (629-634), Wikipedia, 인용출처 : 필자의 네이버블로그, 카테고리, Franks 왕국(613-751))

 

 

** Dagobert I's campaigns against Basques 

 

"Beginning in 626, the Saxons of the Bessin were used by Dagobert I for his campaigns against the Basques. One of their own, Aeghyna, was created a dux over the region of Vasconia.[30]  

(source : Saxons, Wikipedia, 인용출처 : 필자의 네이버 블로그, 카테고리, Anglo-Saxons)

 

 

<고구려 영류왕 시기 (618-642)>

 

夏五月 졸본에서 돌아오다 (619)

620 : 공백

四年秋七月 당에 조공하다 (621)
五年 고구려 내에 흩어져 있던 중국인들을 모아 돌려보내다 (622)
六年冬十二月 당에 조공하다 (623)
七年春二月 당에서 도교가 전래되다 (624)
七年冬十二月 당에 조공하다 (624)
八年 당에 가서 불교와 도교의 교법을 배우기 시작하다 (625)
九年 신라와 백제가 당에 가서 고구려의 침략 행위를 호소하다 (626)

627: 공백
十一年秋九月 당에 봉역도를 바치다 (628)
十二年秋八月 신라 김유신이 낭비성을 쳐부수다 (629)
十二年秋九月 당에 조공하다 (629)

630년 : 공백

十四年 당이 고구려가 세운 경관을 허물어버리다 (631)

十四年春二月 천리장성이 완성되다 (631)

632-637 : 6년 공백

二十一年冬十月 신라 칠중성 공격에 실패하다 (638)
二十三年春二月 세자 환권을 당에 보내 조공하다 (640)
二十三年春二月 당에 자제의 국학 입학을 청하다 (640)
二十三年秋九月 태양이 3일간 빛을 잃다 (640)
二十四年 당 사신 진대덕이 고구려의 허실을 탐지하고 돌아가다 (641)
二十五年春一月 당에 조공하다 (642)

二十五年春一月 연개소문에게 장성 축조를 감독하게 하다 (642)
二十五年冬十月 연개소문이 영류왕을 죽이다 (642)

 

 

* 

Dagobert in Franks  -  Samo in Slavs 

전쟁터 : 보헤미아, 슬로바키아, Upper Franconia, Vienna, Augustianis,

               그외 다른 다뉴브강 중류지역

 

삼국사기 : 

632-637 6년 공백 : 고구려의 승리 삭제? - Austrasia 프랑크군 패배

638: 신라 출중성 공격 실패 - Lombards승리 ?

 

즉 프랑크군은 Austrasian Frank (본진), Lombard Ally (신라 원정군?), Alemannic ally(거란 동맹군?)

While Dagobert's Austrasian forces were defeated at the Wogastisburg,[17] his Alemmanic and Lombard allies were successful in repelling the Wends.